Magnolia bark, on the other hand, has a very wide range of applications as will be detailed in the present review it has been used in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicines for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, anxiety, depression, nervous disorders, asthma, and allergic disease, as well for the alleviation of headaches, muscular pain, and fever (Dharmananda, 2002 Amblard et al., 2007 Li N. The flower bud is used almost exclusively for the treatment of sinus congestion and sinus headaches, and is taken orally or applied topically. Various Magnolia bark extracts (MBEs) can also be found in the marketplace as ingredients of both dietary supplements, typical recommended use levels ranging from 200 to 800 mg/d per person (EPCNF, 2009), and cosmetic products (Liu et al., 2007). Herbal preparations containing Magnolia bark are typically used as decoctions with intakes ranging from 3 to 10 g per person. The current taxonomic description of the plant is summarized below:ĪAlthough these herbs are part of herbal formulae implicated in hepatotoxicities (Teschke et al., 2014 2015 2016 Zhu et al., 2016), the causality assessment is most often lacking (Fig.1) 1) and has a fragrant odor, a pungent taste, and is slightly bitter (EPCNF, 2009). The dried bark is gray-brown in color with oval lenticles in a longitudinal striation (Fig. The root and branch bark are collected from April to June and dried in the shade the stem bark is slightly decocted in boiling water and piled up in a wet place until its inner surface becomes purplish-brown or dark brown, softened by steaming, and rolled and dried (CPC, 2010). Magnolia trees are mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia (Cui et al., 2013) and are generally very attractive thanks to their fragrant and dazzling flowers (Lee et al., 2011). In some literature, the flower is wrongly assigned to a non-botanically defined species, erroneously called Magnolia lactiflora. A non-official species, Magnolia obovata Thunb., is sometimes described as source material for Magnolia bark (Liu et al., 2007). officinalis, called “Houpohua”, and the flower bud of Magnolia biondii Pamp., Magnolia denudate Desr., or Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. Tuhoupu (“tu” is especially used in Guangxi Province, China) is sometimes used as a substitute (Dharmananda, 2002), the flower bud of M. The herb is sometimes called “Chuan houpu”, because it originally came from the Sichuan area of China. Wilson, called “Houpo” or “Houpu” in Chinese (Houpu, refers to the thick (“hou”) bark that is the unadorned (“pu”) portion of the plant. There are three basic materials of frequent application and described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia 2010 (CPC, 2010): the bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. Different Magnolia have been traditionally used in Chinese and Japanese medicine for thousands of years (Liu et al., 2007) and are now widely used internationally. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a more than 2500-year history and consists of the development of major theories and clinical investigations carried out by generations of practitioners and researchers (Fazel, 1995 Unschuld, 1999 Wang and Li, 2005 Tang et al., 2008 Xu et al., 2013).
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